My Family Toured the New Visitor Center at Tule Lake National Monument

Last month, my family braved the blazing hot 100+ degree weather and journeyed on a road trip to Oregon. As we neared the state border, we made a special detour about an hour east of Highway 5 to visit the Tule Lake National Monument, located near the small town of Newell, California. Tule Lake is significant to my husband’s family because his grandparents and great-grandparents on both sides were wrongfully incarcerated there during World War II, along with more than 18,700 other Japanese Americans, two-thirds of whom were U.S. citizens. We had never taken our child there, so it would be an important educational experience for him.

The new visitor center at Tule Lake National Monument.

More than 10 years ago, my husband and I went to Tule Lake and were disappointed to find only two small acknowledgements of the site’s wartime history: a dusty roadside sign and a very small display in the nearby Lava Beds National Monument Visitor Center. So when we visited last month, we were happy to discover that the National Park Service had opened a new visitor center in June, and we had arrived just in time to join a tour of the jail constructed by none other than Japanese American Museum of San Jose co-founder Jimi Yamaichi.

Inside the Tule Lake Internment Camp Jail

Tule Lake was the largest of the 10 WWII camps run by the War Relocation Authority (WRA), and it was also the only one with a jail. This was because Tule Lake was a maximum security site that incarcerated Japanese Americans who answered “no - no” to two notorious survey questions intended to identify potential enemies. In reality, the survey questions were so poorly worded that many Japanese Americans answered “no - no” out of confusion, suspicion or other reasons. 

After the park ranger unlocked the gate, and we drove towards the historic wartime jail, it was truly dramatic to see the lone building in a vast, dusty field, with craggy mountain bluffs looming in the background. Our park ranger led us through various rooms of the jail and told many stories about its history, including how Yamaichi, a master carpenter, initially refused the WRA’s request to oversee the jail’s construction, but later relented when told the WRA would just find someone else. As foreman, Yamaichi tried to delay construction of the jail as much as possible, demanding the highest-grade construction materials, which were difficult to come by. While the barracks, guard towers, and other buildings were dismantled and removed after the war , it is because the jail was so well built with such sturdy materials that it still stands today.

The historic jail at the Tule Lake incarceration camp.

Another story our park ranger told was about Mrs. Osborne, a local woman who worked in the camps, and how she had the foresight to purchase several of the steel doors and jail beds when the camp closed. She asked her family to safeguard them as historical artifacts, and in 2012, more than 70 years later, one of her relatives donated them to the National Park Service. Thanks to the dedication of the Osborne family, visitors can see several of the original cell doors and beds installed in the jail today.

The most memorable part of the jail was seeing graffiti written on walls next to cell beds, which gives you a sense of the sadness and desperation that prisoners felt. One person inscribed, “SHOW ME THE WAY TO GO HOME.” Another person wrote in elegant cursive script, “When the golden sun has sunk beyond the desert horizon, and darkness followed, under a dim light casting my lonesome heart.”

A cell in the historic jail at the Tule Lake incarceration camp. The unpainted areas have graffiti.

My family did not arrive in time for the full ranger-led tour, which lasts approximately two hours. Please note that the jail and many areas of the camp are locked and fenced off, and can only be accessed with a park ranger. Ranger guided tours are available between Memorial Day and Labor Day on Thursdays through Sundays and can be booked at least two weeks in advance.

Stepping into the New Visitor Center

In an era when critical race theory is under attack, it is extremely important that the National Park Service has invested in building and operating the Tule Lake Relocation Camp Visitor Center. Currently, the visitor center has temporary exhibits as the NPS gathers public input on what the permanent exhibits should include. So if you have time to visit Tule Lake, be sure to fill out the comment cards and let the NPS know what kinds of exhibits you’d like to see!

Exhibits inside the Tule Lake National Monument visitor center.

The temporary exhibits include a stack of suitcases from the 1940s containing pairs of geta wooden sandals, a Civilian Exclusion Notice from 1942 instructing all persons of Japanese ancestry to pack their belongings and report to a U.S. Army “Reception Center,” and several banner stands with information and photos about topics such as life in the camp, reactions to the loyalty questionnaire, forms of protest within the camp, and more. A computer is available to view digital content, and many information guides and fact sheets are available for visitors to take, which can also be viewed online.

Tips on Visiting Tule Lake

There’s only a month left this year to tour the new visitor center and get a ranger-guided tour. Hopefully some of you can make it!

• The Tule Lake National Monument is open Memorial Day through Labor Day, Thursdays through Monday.

• See the NPS website for directions and the tour schedule.

• Google Maps will navigate you ⅛ mile north of the correct location. If you get lost, park at the locked gate with informational boards (near the jail) and call the visitor center at 530-260-0537. 

• Reservations are recommended for ranger-guided tours, as only a limited number of people are allowed on each tour.

• Besides the visitor center and jail, other locations you can visit include the Tulelake-Butte Valley Fairgrounds Museum, where you can see a guard tower and barrack from the camp, and Camp Tulelake, where some buildings stand. 

• A free National Park Service app is available with interactive content about Tule Lake.

• Check Tule Lake National Monument on Facebook for the latest updates.

Note: If you’d like to see an accurate recreation of an internment camp barrack built by Jimi Yamaichi, visit the Barracks Room at Japanese American Museum of San Jose.

By Michelle Yakura

Learn about Civil Rights Champion Fred Korematsu and His Fight for Justice at the Seventh Annual Commemoration

This month, America celebrated Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, a day when we honor our most famous civil rights leader, remember the struggles that he and others faced, and reflect upon the state of racism and civil liberties today. But Dr. King is not the only civil rights hero we should all be saluting this month. January 30 is Fred Korematsu Day, a day to honor a Bay Area native and national icon who challenged the federal government for the illegal incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, advocated for reparations for Japanese American internees, and fought for the civil rights of all Americans throughout his life. 

But how much do you really know about Fred Korematsu and his impact on American democracy? Where do Japanese Americans stand in current discussions of civil rights in an era of anti-Asian hate crimes, Black Lives Matter protests, and reactionary legislation against critical race theory? How does Korematsu’s legacy affect Muslim Americans, immigrants from Latin America, and other people of color?

Join us this Sunday, January 30 at 11:30am for a virtual community event, Seventh Annual Commemoration of Fred Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties and the Constitution. Once again, the Japanese American Museum of San Jose is an official organizer of the event, along with The Superior Court of California, The Fred T. Korematsu Institute, Asian Law Alliance, Council on American-Islamic Relations - San Francisco Bay Area (CAIR-SFBA), Asian Pacific American Bar Association of Silicon Valley, and Santa Clara University School of Law.

This year’s event will kick off with the presentation of vintage, World War II-era flags autographed by Japanese American incarceration camp survivors from across the nation.  Judge Johnny Gogo of the Santa Clara County Superior Court, who spearheaded the 48-Star Flag-Signing Project, will present a flag each to Dr. Karen Korematsu, founder and executive director of the Fred T. Korematsu Institute and daughter of Fred Korematsu, and to the Japanese American Museum of San Jose, where it will be on display.

At 12:00 noon, the event will feature a panel discussion, “Building Resilience in the Fight for Racial Justice: Learning from the Past to Build a Better Future.” Panelists will include Zahra Billoo, executive director of CAIR-SFBA, Judge Johnny Gogo and Dr. Karen Korematsu.

To join the virtual event, please register here.

Attorneys attending the event can receive one hour of Minimum Continuing Legal Education (MCLE) credit, provided by the Asian Pacific American Bar Association of Silicon Valley.

Streets in San Jose named after Japanese American civil rights leaders Fred Korematsu and Gordon Hirabayashi.

FAQs

Where can I learn more about Fred Korematsu?

Here are some resources:

• Read his bio or request an educational toolkit on the Fred T. Korematsu Institute website

• Watch video: Fred Korematsu: A Civil Rights Hero

• Access education resources on the U.S. Courts website

Where is Fred Korematsu Day observed?

Fred Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties and the Constitution is observed every year in California, Florida, Hawaii, Virginia, and New York City. Several other states have also recognized Fred Korematsu Day by proclamation.

What was Fred Korematsu convicted of?

In 1942, Korematsu was convicted of defying military orders for Japanese Americans to report to relocation centers for incarceration.

Where were Fred Korematsu and his family incarcerated?

They were sent to the Central Utah War Relocation Center, also known as the Topaz Relocation Center, where they lived in a converted horse stall.

Why did the United States Supreme Court uphold Korematsu’s conviction in 1944?

During his incarceration, Korematsu fought his conviction, eventually leading to the federal case, Korematsu v. United States. On December 18, 1944, a divided court ruled that the incarceration of Japanese Americans was lawful due to “imminent danger to public safety.”

How was Korematsu’s conviction overturned?

Korematsu’s conviction was overturned in 1983 after legal historian Professor Peter Irons and researcher Aiko Herzig Yoshinaga discovered that in 1944, the government’s legal team willfully withheld F.B.I. reports from the Supreme Court and even attempted to destroy some of these documents that showed that Japanese Americans committed no acts of treason and posed no threat to the country, making mass incarceration unjustified. A pro bono team that included the Asian Law Caucus re-opened the Korematsu case on the basis of government misconduct, and his conviction was overturned on November 10, 1983.

What honors and awards did Fred Korematsu receive?

Some of the many honors and awards that Fred Korematsu received include the Presidential Medal of Honor, the California Senate Medal, Rainbow PUSH Coalition Trailblazer Award, Pearstein Civil Rights Award, Chief Justice Earl Warren Civil Liberties Award, National ACLU Roger N. Baldwin Medal of Liberty Award, and honorary doctorates from City University of New York Law School, University of the Pacific McGeorge School of Law, California State University East Bay, and the University of San Francisco. 

For more information, see the Fred T. Korematsu Institute website.

Where did Fred Korematsu live in the Bay Area?

Fred Korematsu was born in Oakland and lived many years in San Leandro, where a high school campus is named after him.